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Preoperative Patient Care
Operative Techniques
E

Preoperative Plan

1

Radiographic templating of fracture

  • evaluate AP Pelvis, AP/Lat hip and femur for degree of fracture displacement

2

Execute surgical walkthrough

  • describe the steps of the procedure to the attending verbally prior to the start of the case
  • describe potential complications and steps to avoid them
F

Room Preparation

1

Surgical instrumentation

  • hip cemented hemiarthroplasty system

2

Room setup and equipment

  • standard OR table
  • sterile hoods with circulating fans for surgical team
  • hip positioners or bean bag
  • check back table to make sure correct equipment available

3

Patient positioning

  • lateral decubitus with operative extremity facing up
  • axillary roll, anterior positioner on pubic symphysis, posterior positioner on sacrum, Foley in place
  • in obese patients place towel or pad between positioners and skin
  • check to make sure operative leg can be flexed to 90° with positioners in place
  • arms stacked on top of each other with blankets underneath and in between, taped down to arm boards
  • prep and drape entire leg above iliac crest and midline sacrum to make sure adequate working area
  • bovie pad on contralateral thigh or abdomen
  • foot in "candycane holder" and ankle stirrup with extremity externally rotated to prevent knee buckling during prep
G

Posterior Approach to the Hip

1

Mark out GT and anterior/posterior borders of femur and anterior bow of femur

  • mark out the anatomy of GT

2

Mark incision posterior to midline of GT down shaft of femur

  • incision is curved posterior to edge of GT, aimed towards PSIS proximally
  • 1/3 of incision proximal to GT, 2/3 distal to GT (~10-15cm long)

3

Perform dissection

  • use 10 blade for skin incision
  • curve incision posterior aiming for posterolateral corner of GT
  • incise fascia 2-3 cm with knife just posterior to midline of GT

4

Expose the fascia lata

  • insert 2 self retainers (Wheatlanders, Oberhills for larger patients) at 1/3 and 2/3 aspect of incision
  • cauterize bleeders in subcutaneous tissue
  • use knife down to fascia lata

5

Develop fascial plane

  • use Cobb and dry lap to sweep soft tissue
  • abduct leg 30° to relax TFL
  • place Hibbs retractor proximally

6

Incise fascia 2-3cm with knife just posterior to midline of GT

  • start distal and move proximal with cautery
H

Deep Dissection of Posterior Approach to the Hip

1

Place Charnley retractor

  • place the long blade anterior and the short blade posterior
  • need to retract glut medius and minimus anteriorly while just glut max posterior

2

Split glut max

  • with blunt dissection using index fingers in center of decussating fibers, expose trochanteric bursa on lateral margin of GT
  • femoral neck fractures will often have hemorrhagic bursa and ill defined anatomy
  • leg stays abducted until short external rotators (SERs) visualized
  • internally rotate hip to place SERs on stretch

3

Dissect SERs with Bovie

  • incise soft tissue and bursa off of posterior aspect of GT with leg extended to keep sciatic nerve out of field
  • identify SERs (piriformis and obturator internus, gamelli) and quadratus distally (can often feel piriformis tendon proximally)
  • dissect SERs directly off of bone with Bovie
  • start distally just proximal to quadratus and move proximally
  • extend proximally along posterior aspect of abductors, extend distally until quadratus femoris (will bleed due to medial femoral circumflex artery)
  • sciatic nerve is located in fat deep to piriformis and superficial and posterior to SERs

4

Tag SERs with #5 ethibond

  • place #5 Ethibond tag sutures (x3) into SERs and anterior capsule
  • place hemostat on each pair grab enough soft tissue for repair later on

5

Release capsule

  • release capsule using longitudinal or T-shaped incision

6

Dislocate hip

  • use flexion, adduction and internal rotation
  • leg perpendicular to ground, 90-90°
I

Femoral Head Extraction

1

Make preliminary neck cut

  • use sagital saw to get more room to remove femoral head

2

Remove femoral head via corkscrew or ring shaped tenaculum

  • cauterize soft tissue away and clean off with Cobb

3

Choose implant size

  • use native femoral head to measure size for templating implant head size (typically 46-52mm)
J

Canal Preparation

1

Elevate the femur

  • use proximal femoral retractor (double prong, equal prongs on either side) and place under GT to help elevate femur and protect soft tissues
  • can use Hibbs or #1 acetabular retractor to get better calcar exposure

2

Make neck cut 0.5-1cm proximal to lesser trochanter

  • use box cutter to start, then canal finder then lateralizing reamer to make sure you are down canal and not in varus

3

Broach up sizes from small to larger

  • start at 10, then 11, 12 (typically 12-13 size stem final)
  • want snug fit but don’t need to overtighten
  • cement will fill void between implant and bone
  • need to hit broaches with same power to evaluate if it’s advancing
  • watch calcar for evidence of fracture
  • place leg in extension and internal rotation to visualize the calcar

4

Trial implants

  • extend the leg and hyper internal rotation to get max exposure of proximal femur, then heads, reduce with traction and external rotation

5

Check for stability, range of motion and leg lengths

K

Cement Insertion

1

Dislocate hip, remove trials, size and place cement restrictor (typically 11-12mm)

  • place cement restrictor 15cm down from neck cut (length may vary depending on stem being used)

2

Clean and dry canal using epinephrine soaked sponge

  • suction out canal

3

Insert cement in retrograde fashion pressurized with gun

  • place sponge in acetabulum to block cement extrusion
  • cement typically takes 3.5-4.5min to reach appropriate consistency for insertion

4

Cover tip of stem with extra cement

L

Final Implants

1

Use stem pusher and Tommy bar to control depth and anteversion

  • place in 10-15° anteversion (angled posterior for increased anteversion)
  • add 5-10° if worried about posterior dislocation
  • hold in place until cement hard (~15min)

2

Trial head and neck size (typically +7, +10.5)

  • engage Morse taper, allow cement to dry, and relocate hip

3

Confirm Implant Position and Extremity

  • check final anteversion of stem and impingement, leg lengths, rotation when hip dislocates anterior and posterior
N

Wound Closure

1

Irrigation, hemostasis, and drain

  • pulsatile irrigate acetabulum and deep tissues
  • cauterize peripheral bleeding vessels

2

Deep closure

  • repair short external rotators and capsular layer with #5 Ethibond figure of 8 sutures
  • tie to either glut medius anteriorly or through bone on posterior aspect of GT
  • close TFL with #1 Ethibond figure of 8 sutures

3

Superficial closure

  • need use 3-0 vicryl for subcutaneous tissue
  • use 3-0 nylon for skin

4

Dressing and immediate immobilization

  • soft incision dressings over hip
Postoperative Patient Care
Private Note