Introduction Introduction procedures associated with greater frequency of DVT spine fracture with paralysis elective total knee arthroplasty 2-3X greater rate of DVT than THA elective total hip arthroplasty no increased risk in patients with Factor V Leiden hip fracture polytrauma based on AAOS review, the rate of DVT does not correlate with PE or death following THA or TKA Presentation Symptoms pain in leg Physical exam often more helpful than imaging pain and swelling Homan's sign is not very specific Imaging Imaging venography is gold standard for proximal DVTs (proximal to trifurcation) venous duplex ultrasound is 96% sensitive, 97% specific; operator dependent routine duplex screening is not recommended plethysmography is 75% sensitive, 90% specific CT is 90% sensitive, 95% specific Studies D-Dimer testing sensitive marker for VTE and excludes VTE without the need for further testing among patients with of low clinical probability of PE not helpful post-injury or surgery levels > 500 ng/mL suggest the presence of PE Treatment Nonoperative heparin therapy followed by oral anticoagulation indications postoperative DVT above knee treatment for DVT below knee is controversial medications direct oral anticoagulants, including the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixiban, and edoxaban, are now recommended by the 2016 American College of Chest Physicians and 2014 and 2017 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for both DVT and PE duration in patients with VTE provoked by surgery, the risk of recurrence after treatment is low and anticoagulation is recommended for only 3 months for patients with an unprovoked DVT, there is a high risk of recurrence and anticoagulation should be continued indefinitely unless bleeding risk is high Operative vena cava filter placement indications preoperative identification of DVT in a patient with lower extremity or pelvic trauma who is high risk for DVT development see anticoagulation catheter-directed thrombolysis indications indicated as initial treatment recommended only for patients with threatened limb loss Complications Postthrombotic syndrome: chronic venous insufficiency venous HTN chronic skin issues (swelling, pain, pigmentation, ulceration, induration) recurrent DVT (4-8x higher after first DVT)